Delinquent Law essays

Delinquent Law essays The Original law of the Illinois juvenile court defined a delinquent as: a child under the age of sixteen years who has violated any laws of the state, or any city or village ordinance. Under the common law, children between the ages of 7 and 16 years of could be dealt with as delinquent. Today in 37 states and in the District of Columbia, juvenile courts are initially responsible for all violations committed by youth under the age of 18. In ten states the age limit is 17 and in three states the jurisdictional age is 16, which means that anyone at these ages or above will face criminal prosecution. Dependency, neglect, and violation of educational laws have been included in most jurisdictions of the juvenile courts. Juvenile delinquency from a legal state combines the characteristics of social protection and restriction. Juvenile delinquency may be a reflection of ethical defects in the families pattern of living. The parent themselves may be contributing to the delinquency of their offsprings by the example of their own social misconduct. The broken home defined as one in which one or both parents are absent because of death, desertion, separation, divorce, or a commitment to an institution, have contributed to juvenile delinquency. Other factors that may contribute to the high rate of juvenile delinquency is excessive poverty, dependency, overcrowding and other poor home conditions, and the lack of parental control or attention. Why do youths join gangs? This Question has many answers, and it all depends upon many factors that are Affecting the youths life. For some youths there isnt a choice, they are born into the activities of gangs because of their parents. Others that dont have a choice are the ones who are forced in or recruited very strongly. Younger kids about the age of 10 or 11 are chased down by older, bigger and tougher gang members and beat up. They are made to keep a watch out for the police at a parti...

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Quotes

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Quotes The Boy in the Striped Pajamas follows the lives (and friendship) of two young boysacross the Holocaust fence at the Auschwitz Camp. One boy is the son of a high-ranking SS officer, while the other is the son of a Polish Jew. Here are quotes from the novel. Quotes We dont have the luxury of thinking ... Some people make all the decisions for us.One day he was perfectly content, playing at home, sliding down banisters, trying to stand on his tiptoes to see right across Berlin, and now he was stuck here in this cold, nasty house with three whispering maids and a waiter who was both unhappy and angry, where no one looked as if they could ever be cheerful again.So were here at Out-With because someone said out with the people before us?We should never have let the Fury come to dinner.He suddenly became convinced that if he didnt do something sensible, something to put his mind to some use, then before he knew it he would be wondering round the streets having fights with himself and inviting domestic animals to social occasions too.The thing about exploring is that you have to know whether the thing youve found is worth finding. Some things are just sitting there, minding their own business, waiting to be discovered. Like America. And other things are probably better off left alone. Like a dead mouse at the back of the cupboard. You wear the right outfit and you feel like the person youre pretending to be, she always told me.Bruno opened his eyes in wonder at the things he saw. In his imagination he had thought that all the huts were full of happy families, some of whom sat outside on rocking chairs in the evening and told stories about how things were so much better when they were children and theyd had respect for their elders, not like the children nowadays. He thought that all the boys and girls who lived there would be in different groups, playing tennis or football, skipping and drawing out squares for hopscotch on the ground... As it turned out, all the things he thought might be there - werent.Despite the chaos that followed, Bruno found that he was still holding Shmuels hand in his own and nothing in the world would have persuaded him to let go.A few months after that some other soldiers came to Out-With and Father was ordered to go with them, and he went without complaint and he was happy to do so because he didnt really mind what they did to him anymore. Resources Interview with Childrens Author John BoynePodcasts Downloads

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Buddhism - Essay Example cess, went into a long period of contemplative meditation, received enlightenment and from thence came to be called The Buddha or the enlightened one. He passed on the knowledge to his followers through teachings based on four major tenets. The Buddha taught the four noble truths as i) the world is full of sorrow ii) desires are the main reason for sorrow iii) sorrow can be overcome by killing desires and iv) desires can be killed by following the eight-fold righteous path (Rahula, p.45). In this way the Buddha taught us the means to overcome sorrow, lead blissful life and ultimately attain Nirvana. The principle of righteous living differentiated Buddhism from the other major contemporary religions in the Indian subcontinent viz., Hinduism and Jainism, and impresses me as the most important of the Buddha teachings. The concept of middle path or magga taught by the Buddha as the most appropriate path to overcome sorrows has relevance for everyone and all times. It negates the other two extreme paths (of seeking worldly pleasures or practicing penance) since both have failed to eliminate sorrow from life on the one hand and can not stand the test of scrutiny as the solution for humanity’s problems (Rahula, p.92). The Buddha taught us to follow the middle path by practicing the eight-fold righteous living viz., right understanding (belief), right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness (recollection), and right concentration (meditation). As Rahula mentions in his book, ‘†¦they are all linked together and should be practiced simultaneously according to a person’s capacity’ (p.46). Together they constitute the essence of ethical and moral conduct. The context for conduct arises out of one’s day-to-day life and the never ending hankering after desires. Continuity of life or existence is termed as Samsara in the Buddhist tradition (pp. 48 & 60) and Samsaracakra as the cycle of life, death and rebirth,

Topshop Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Topshop Case Study - Essay Example trendy, moderately-priced apparel (Biesada, n d) that has grown remarkably from humble beginnings to 300 stores in the UK and over 100 in international territories. The brand gained its iconic status in 1994 when it took over a 90,000 square feet space at London Oxford Circus where it remains to date (â€Å"About Us - Topshop,† 2011). The London Oxford Circus shop alone attracts over 200,000 shoppers per week and as such has earned Topshop the accolade to be considered as the world’s largest fashion store on the high street. Topshop’s phenomenal success can be traced back to 1985 when Jane Shepherdson, then the director of Topshop, decided to take the company in a new direction. Jane put up a team of 16 stylists and made them travel the world in search of new fashion ideas. This team moved from trendy neighborhoods, to catwalks to flea markets in places as diverse as Tokyo, Paris and New York looking for fashion trends to interpret (Coco, n d). Using the un ique ideas they had encountered Jane’s team of stylists revolutionalized Topshop into a fashionable and trendy boutique. Since 2000, Topshop’s covetable collections have been made available over the Internet through www.topshop.com, which draws tens of thousands of anxious shoppers. Topshop is owned by Arcadia Group, UK’s largest privately-owned clothing retailer. The Arcadia Group owns six other high street best-known fashion brands namely: Topman, Dorothy Perkins, Burton, Evans, Wallis and Miss Selfridge. Cumulatively Arcadia Group has more than 2,500 outlets (â€Å"About Us,† n d). Topshop is their flagship brand. All the same, as the global economy is recovering from the recession, the fashion industry is experiencing intense rivalry. Sir Philip Green, the owner of Arcadia Group, believes that the fashion houses likely to emerge stronger from this current environment would be the ones who are focused on having good store environments, fresh products and ‘newness’, at low prices. Sir Green says, â€Å"It’s not going to be just about price, it’s going to be about ‘price and nice’† (Hawkes, 2008). Does Topshop’s retail strategy encompass â€Å"price and nice†? Industry at a glance The fashion industry has dramatically evolved over the past few decades. Fashion products that used to be luxury items are now considered as basic commodity products and are bought by almost all segments of the society (Mazaira, Gonzalez, & Avendano, 2003). Some of the factors that may contribute to this growing demand for fashion products are the continuous low prices brought about by an increasing number of target markets and transfer of manufacturing sites to developing countries especially in Asia. With an increasing number of players in the industry, the rivalry is intense. Topshop’s main competitors are Zara, H&M and French Connection (Biesada, n d). The fashion industry is also characterized by consumers with a strong buying

Faculty Attendance System Using Automatic Image Processing Essay Example for Free

Faculty Attendance System Using Automatic Image Processing Essay As technology grows fast, certain advancements are being developed nowadays and life is getting even better to live with. It makes every task as easy as possible and nothing seems too tiring if human tasks are aided with technology. It can be applied in any aspects of life. Computer technology would be the first on the list that provides great potential for improving effectiveness and efficiency of the information system. The use of computer has not become a major tool to simplify job and task. There is no doubt that computer technology has had a great impact on society and also brought many technical developments with it. It has brought many changes to the way we live as individual as well as members of societies and organizations. It has had major effects and changes on the economy, health, education, industry, agriculture and many other fields. The ability of computers in gathering, processing, presenting and sending large amount of information has had major changes in the way large organizations as well individuals organize their lives. Computers are at work, in schools and many other places. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people’s identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years due to its potential for a wide variety of applications in both law enforcement and non-law enforcement. As compared with other biometrics systems using fingerprint/palm print and iris, face recognition has distinct advantages because of its non-contact process. Face images can be captured from a distance without touching the person being identified, and the identification does not require interacting with the person. In recent years, face recognition has attracted much attention and its research has rapidly expanded by not only engineers but also neuroscientists, since it has many potential applications in computer vision communication and automatic access control system. Especially, face detection is an important part of face recognition as the first step of automatic face recognition. However, face detection is not straightforward because it has lots of variations of image appearance, such as pose variation (front, non-front), cclusion, image orientation, illuminating condition and facial expression. With the continuous development and progress of science and technology, facial biometric recognition technology has become more sophisticated and perfect. As the worlds most cutting-edge biometric technology and image processing technology, facial biometric recognition technology will play a unique and irreplaceable role in todays public security prevent, arrest fugitives, network security, financial security and many other areas. It is a milestone of development and progress of human society science and technology. It will be widely used in public security, aviation, ports, customs, banks, large enterprises, large-scale conferences, high-end clubs, important streets, docks and other places of security. It will bring revolutionary changes for safety defend and prevention of the current complicated domestic security situation. Face recognition serves the crime deterrent purpose because face images that have been recorded and archived can later help identify a person. Many citizens express concern that their privacy is being compromised by the use of surveillance technologies by corporations and the state. Some fear that it could lead to a total surveillance society, with the government and other authorities having the ability to know the whereabouts and activities of all citizens around the clock. This knowledge has, is and could continue to be deployed to prevent the lawful exercise of rights of citizens to criticize those in office, specific government policies or corporate practices. Many centralized power structures with such surveillance capabilities have abused their privileged access to maintain control of the political and economic apparatus and curtail populist reforms. Facial recognition can be used not just to identify an individual, but also to unearth other personal data associated with an individual – such as other photos featuring the individual, blog posts, social networking profiles, Internet behavior, travel patterns, etc. – all through facial features alone. Moreover, individuals have limited ability to avoid or thwart facial recognition tracking unless they hide their faces. This fundamentally changes the dynamic of day-to-day privacy by enabling any marketer, government agency, or random stranger to secretly collect the identities and associated personal information of any individual captured by the facial recognition system. Purpose and Description Nowadays, industry is experiencing many technological advancement and changes in methods of learning. With the rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find an easier and more effective system to help an organization or company. In spite of this matter, there are still business establishments and schools that use the old-fashioned way. In a certain way, one thing that is still in manual process is the recording of attendance. Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees and bodies. Dealing with this matter, the proponents thought of an easy way to do the checking of attendance. This study entitled is intended to develop an attendance monitoring system to be used inside the school vicinity of Batangas State University JPLPC Campus for better management of employees. We come up with a computerized attendance-monitoring system using image processing. It serves as a timed log-in/ log-out system that is set up as a computerized database. This system maintains a daily record of a facultys arrival and departure time from work. Aside from the records of time and date, our system features the name, position and the assigned number of each staff. So it also serves as an identification profile system. The system also protects the employees by providing the exact number of hours they worked, making it much more difficult for employers to cheat them out of their wages. This thesis features all important facts about our system as well as its importance.

The Structure of a Financial Crisis Essay -- Economics Economy Finance

The Structure of a Financial Crisis INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The year 2001 had been unlucky for Turkey. Apart from the crisis in 1994 and November 2000, the country had to face another financial crisis, causing problems in the management of its economy. Why does a country delve deep into financial crisis? What are the possible immediate triggers for both the current and potential new crises? What precautions should be taken for the key issues like the fragility of the financial and banking system, belated reforms and privatisation, rampant corruption, exchange rate policy? And how can the governments satisfy the markets and people to undertake these reforms? The current crisis has not hit the country overnight. This article figures out the weakness of the system, years of neglect and mismanagement, possible solutions for other developing countries. One has to bear in my mind that even evaluating the aftermath of the 1994 crisis, Turkey was a rising star, with aspirations towards full membership to the European Union. Among the potential applicants of EU membership, - mostly the Transition Economies of Eastern Europe- Turkey was the mere applicant with a functioning Customs Union with the EU back in 1995. With a relatively large and dynamic market, having high hopes for rapid economic and social progress, Turkey seemed a valuable candidate for the European Integration. Now after the 2000 November and 2001 February crises, the shrinking of the economy suggests that Turkey can only catch up with the figures of year 2000, as far as the year 2004, let alone the EU membership and further growth. To indicate why such a failure has been suffered, we have to go back to the roots of mismanagement. And that begins with the problems of Privatisation practices. THE INITIATION OF PRIVATISATION Privatisation has proved to be a successful method for improving institutions and maintaining corporate efficiency all around the world. But under certain conditions either privatised firms can get into serious difficulties or delaying the privatisation programs could trigger economic crises, together with the impact caused by years of mismanagement, not undertaking the progressive reforms and corruption - as experienced in some of the transition economies of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Far East, and as is the case in this article, in Turkey THE FIRST ... ...90, January 2000, William Davidson Institute. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feldstein, Martin "Refocusing the IMF," Foreign Affairs, March/April 1998, pp. 20-33. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harris- White, Barbara and White, Gordon (eds.), ''Liberalization and the New Corruption,'' IDS Bulletin, Vol. 27 No: 2 , 1996 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nas, F. Tevfik and Odekon, Mehmet (eds.) '' Liberalization and the Turkish Economy'' 1988, Greenwood Publishing Group. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rittenberg, Libby, (ed.) ''The Political Economy of Turkey in the Post-Soviet Era: Going West and Looking East?'' 1998 Praeger Publishing †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaker, Sallama State, Society and Privatisation in Turkey, 1979-1990 (Woodrow Wilson Center Special Studies)1995 Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Togan, Subidey, Balasubramanyam, V.N. (Eds.) ''The Economy of Turkey Since Liberalization,'' 1996 Palgrave Publishing. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ucer, E. Murat " Monetary Policy Practice in Turkey: From the 1994 Crisis to the Present." October 1999, mimeo, Credit Suisse First Boston, Emerging Markets Economic Research †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vishwanath, T. and Kaufmann, D. "Toward Transparency: New Approaches and their Application to Financial Markets", The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 16, No.1, Spring 2001.

Music At Highlander Essay

Music is a powerful tool of expression. Whether produced or listened to, it can reveal deep aspects of ones personality. Song’s can hold unique personal meanings through memory or message. During time’s of desperation, music’s constant rhythm can provide a fortress of comfort and steadiness. Music is depended upon for security, care, inspiration, and as a safe haven to be able to express freely. The Highlander Folk School is depended upon for the same reasons. These two schools of thought not only share similar relationship’s with people, but they are practiced together frequently. â€Å"Song, music and food are integral parts of education at Highlander. Music is one way for people to express their traditions, longings, and determination† (158). Myles Horton seemed certainly aware of the importance music had at Highlander, but never expressed it further than this quote from near the end of his autobiography, The Long Haul. How big of a role did music play in the Highlander education? Producing a safer environment, a more enriched education, and the ability to unleash potential, music was essential in the Highlander education. Music is nonjudgmental. There is no right or wrong, it just is what it is. People take away from music whatever they want. Myles Horton set up Highlander to work in the same way. He offered a community that practiced social equality, no discrimination or lack of freedom of speech. He offered workshops on what the people wanted to work on, and then left it to them to take away and use what they want. This was the organic structure of education Horton preached. He also focused on the surroundings needed to support this education. â€Å"The job of the staff members is to create a relaxed atmosphere in which the participants feel free to share their experiences† (150). Without an environment where people felt safe and comfortable in, this system would stay only a theory. Music kept this structure stable. Group songs created a platform for different cultures to bond and understand each other. It created comfort, security, and an environment full of love. Myles describes Highlander as, â€Å"A long tapestry with a weft made up of many colors†¦All of them are of a piece and blend in, and all are based on a love for humanity and trust in the ability of people to control their own lives enventually† (134). Myles Horton believed in experiential-based education. He endorsed student to student discussions. The learning happens between sharing stories and experiences from each other. He tried mixing as many cultures, ideas, and perspectives together to provide an enriched collection of experiences. â€Å"Another enrichment was the use of music and storytelling†¦In fact, the history of Highlander could in many important ways be told by the music – traditional songs and songs of struggle – that was brought there by the people† (133). Music at Highlander connected to people through messages, memories and traditions which provided student’s with enriched experiences to grow from. Some songs brought hidden truths to light, others inspired groups to come together. Church hymns were adapted and used as union songs (158). Every song brought with it some sense of tradition or culture to learn from. Before Highlander was established, Horton went to Denmark to get inspired by their folk high schools. He recalls an old director telling him that, â€Å"Through songs and poetry, students could grasp truths that might otherwise escape them, and that singing in unison was an effective way of inspiring people and bringing them closer together† (52). Music was a integral part of the Highlander education because it created student union and providing more enriched experiences to learn from. Music nurtures self-esteem and encourages creativity, self-confidence, and curiosity. Horton tries to nurture and encourage the same from students at Highlander. Myles viewed himself as a gardener and his job â€Å"to provide opportunities for people to grow, to provide a climate which nurtures islands of decency, where people can learn in such a way that they continue to grow† (133). Music helped provide this caring climate by installing tradition and comfort. Singing in unison provided an opportunity for students to grow by encouraging self-confidence and self-esteem. Group singing also help solidify a Highlander fundamental belief; trust people and believe in their ability to think for themselves. Empower people collectively, not individually. Bernice Robinson and Myles Horton learned early on in the first Citizenship School classes that, â€Å"You couldn’t just read and write yourself into freedom. You had to fight for that and you had to do it as part of a group, not as an individual† (104). Music lets students demonstrate the beauty and power of collective unison without actually leaving Highlander and protesting. This experience was invaluable in naturing and growing students. Myles Horton reveals near the end of his book, â€Å"Other than encouraging others, I made no significant contributions to music at the school, unless you count the verse I added to â€Å"We Shall Overcome† – â€Å"The truth shall make us free† (158). This statement shows his compassion for justice and his awareness of the importance of music at Highlander. Horton’s wife, Zilphia, is described by him as, â€Å"The moving spirit in shaping the singing and music program at Highlander (158). Many pictures in the book display Zilphia leading striker’s in song or Folk concerts at Highlander by Pete Seeger & Friends (156,157,159). Horton seemed to be surrounded by music through out his life and the education structure at Highlander is influenced by this. Music played a vital role at Highlander by providing an enriched environment nurturing students to ‘learn in such a way that they continue to grow’.

Public Education Financing Essay

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to provide a study on how public educational financing is done in the US.   Its current status, what are the common sources of funds that the US government is getting in order to provide an effective support for the students and their families.   It will also provide readers as to how really educational assistance can be applied in the US setting.   Introduction    How many time did we heard about the news about poverty, unemployment and even problem regarding security in the country or in the world or issues in the business which are over emphasized nowadays.   Actually all of these are inter-elated to the problem of education.   In most political studies, it was said that education is one of the main barometer of a country’s progress, which is definitely true.   You can name some emerging markets and highly prioritized education countries that put their economic growth on a higher level. Like for instance, India and Korea, their main success was actually not about the many investment they have started or the ever friendly relationship that the country have prioritized over the years just to invite foreign investment in the country.   But, what these countries did, as how Japan did decades in the past, is to enrich their educational system.   An educational system that is being the main priority and everything follows.   Just like in Korea, specifically South Korea, what the government done, is to send all their top scholar abroad with government financing their studies, like in best universities in Europe and in the US, what they have studied and patiently done by also their own way as well like tremendous research and knowledge on the latest trend either in technology, business and management.   These altogether has come up into something what Korea has been so proud of, and the is inventing and producing their own world class products, from the simple gadgets, like cell phones, appliances, like TV and even up to ergonomically designed cars, which are now greatly accepted in the global market. For India, it is more on targeting what they can have as strength, the effective way of the government fully supporting their own people by not allowing most of the top notch University Graduate to easily earn their degree without any post certification has been a standard across most of its known University.   Take for instance in IT where most graduates are required to take certification programs has made their graduates highly competitive against their neighboring countries, not only that their labor cost is also not that high, since the cost of living in the country is also well controlled by the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For both of this countries is all brought out by effective and efficient prioritization done by the government and to really focus on improving their educational system as well as controlling foreign interference and always look at the local standard of life, like in India which helps their graduates to be competitive since the cost of living is not that raising too much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In education, there are two main category, private educational system and public.   For the latter which is the main focus of this research has been always challenge on how it can deliver effective and well allocated financial support for its people.   Actually, this paper’s main objective is to provide a presentation as well as critical analysis on the current public school of the US, most especially in the financing side.   And from the findings, provide at least some meaningful suggestion as to how it can improve the process, in order to greatly improve the service it gives for the people, most especially the deserving families in the US. Finance Program in the US   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the United States, Public education financing continued to be a very hard task to do.   This is for the reason that there are so many states in the country and each of the state has a different needs, factors that affects the better management of its finance system includes, cultural aspect, like as it is common, US has been a country of many nationalities and it has been common fact and this becomes a true big attention to look at since different culture m9ight have different needs, secondly, there are also issues in the current status of each state, like in terms of its domestic product, other state has a better economic performance and this can easily help in the implementation of public school financing for that certain state, but however for others that are purely depending on financial aid which may come from private or public sources are always a challenge to evaluate and probably improves the local process in order to achieve better financial system for that state.   In other words, even the government have establishes a country wide policies, there are still times which is mostly, that these policies need to be change a little in order to address the exact needs of the state.   (Public School Finance Program of the United States and Canada, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is true that the US government has provided a lot of attention in supporting families to overcome the ever increasing cost of education.   Just like in most European countries where there tax automatically works in their educational system.   In the US it does not actually works exactly like that, what happen is that for the public educational system, it provides these sources usually through Federal Government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The very basic requirement are the following, first, there is a financial need, where the income of the family have shown that the incapacity to send their children in school is relatively present.   Second, is that there is an education requirement, meaning the child has shown great interest in pursuing education, and lastly, is to apply and comply for legal requirements.   There are also different types of student Aid that the student might apply, depending upon on the appropriateness of the need, which the public educational agency can help in attaining the request, (1) Grants, (2) Work Study and (3) Loans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grants, is the support that provide by the US government for deserving students which families does not really have the capacity to send their children to school.   The family will just present to the agency the required documents that show that their income is not enough to send their children to school.   For the second type, Work Study is allowing students to work part-time in order for them to finance their studies.    This is one of the common and applied system that the government gives to young adults that is not only teaching them how to live their life in a mature way but also finding it more importance I their study as well, since they work to study and the every dollar that they earn is shown to be very important for them.   Lastly, for Loans, these are borrowed amount of money by the student that needs to be repaid.   This is also allowed or be given to families that shown no capacity to let their children to go to school.   The local federal agencies are also helping these students to be approved in this application.   This can also be done in terms or depending on the agreed payment scheme.   (The Guide to federal Student Aid 2007-2008, n.d). Revenue sources for State Funds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following figures and table have shown that most of the source of revenue that supports the public education in the US, comes from the state resources, where it also a true showing that the country’s income were also come from the state as well.   Then it followed by the income from the local property taxes, then other sources of earnings from the state and lastly is from the federal sources, which is expected to be low because it does not actually expect much earning from them.   (See Figure 1 and 2). NOTE:  Current expenditures include instruction, instruction-related, support services, and other elementary/secondary current expenditures, but exclude expenditures on capital outlay, other programs, and interest on long-term debt. SOURCE:  U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), â€Å"National Public Education Financial Survey (NPEFS),† fiscal year 2005, Version 1a. Figure 1 Current per-pupil expenditures for public elementary and secondary education in the United States:  Ã‚  Fiscal year 2005 NOTE:  Classification is based on the unrounded amount. SOURCE:  U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), â€Å"National Public Education Financial Survey (NPEFS),† fiscal year 2005, Version 1a. Figure 2 Federal revenues as a percentage of total revenues for public elementary and secondary education in the United States:  Ã‚  Fiscal year 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It only shows that the government can be guided by these graphs as to how they can prioritize each state.   In this graph it shows that most states in the rural or country side are the ones that need to be focus more, where the importance of support through financial aid are need to be look into, since one of the obvious reason is the capacity of family to send their children to school are always a question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just to provide a   better look at the entire figures in terms of table just to have a better look at the need of each regions, and how much they need it, this is the presentation in table format.   (Graphs in Education Finance, n.d.). (See Table 1). Region and revenue source 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Northeast                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.7 5.0 4.9 State 40.2 40.5 39.5 38.8 38.4 39.0 38.7 38.6 Local property taxes 48.7 48.8 49.2 49.8 50.3 50.0 49.8 49.9 Other local sources 6.5 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.6                            Midwest                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 5.4 5.5 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.7 State 39.6 39.4 37.9 38.5 39.0 45.8 46.7 46.8 Local property taxes 45.0 44.8 46.1 46.6 46.0 39.1 38.6 38.1 Other local sources 10.1 10.3 10.1 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.0 9.3                            South                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 7.3 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.8 State 49.1 49.5 48.5 48.0 48.0 48.1 49.0 48.9 Local property taxes 27.1 27.3 28.3 21.7 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.9 Other local sources 16.5 15.9 15.5 22.0 15.9 16.2 15.7 15.5                            West                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.1 7.7 State 60.6 60.4 60.7 59.0 55.7 54.9 56.3 58.4 Local property taxes 23.8 23.8 23.8 25.5 28.1 28.2 26.8 25.3 Other local sources 8.8 8.8 8.2 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.8 8.6 See notes at end of table. TABLE 1 Percentage distribution of total revenue for public elementary and secondary education in the United States, by region and revenue source: 1989–90 to 2002–05 Public School Revenue Changes in its Main Sources of Revenues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very common as well that many changes in the public school revenue happen.   This can either brought out by economic changes through implementation of new policies or it can really come from the result of earnings from both the national and local level.   Since it is not only education is the priority of the US government and it needs to strike the balance between other priorities, like labor related requirements, infrastructure and other business and economic requirements which are also vital in the development or progress of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just to show the exact school year spending per region in the US starting from 1990 to 2004, which would already gives the trend that the country might be using.   (See Figure 3). Figure 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this result the Midwest has experienced decrease because local funding has dropped by 55% percent of all revenue for public elementary and secondary education in 1989–90 to 44 percent in 2003–04. Declines in the proportion of property tax revenue accounted for most of this decrease. For the Northeast it also experienced a drop in the proportion of revenue from local sources. In both regions, there were increases in the proportion of total revenue from federal and state sources. While in year ’03 and ‘04, as in earlier years, the Northeast has depended on a greater degree on property tax revenues than the other regions. The difference in the reliance on property tax revenues between the Northeast and the Midwest was greater in year 2003 and 2004 than in 89 and 90.   (Changes in Sources of Public School Revenue, n.d.). The Impact of Energy Crisis has given Problem to US Public School Spending   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It as during the start of 1990, where US have experienced problems in well allocating funds for public schools and this continues to provide some big problems in the country.   It is only with the help of some private institution and agencies that lift the government obligations in addressing some of these issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In many times the Federal Aid, through its loan, grants and work study benefits have given an extra assistance for the many students in the US.   And this has shown by the closed cooperation between the government and private firms, which makes everything possible.   Wit the continuous problem that are happening in the global economy, the immediate reaction of US government in controlling the cause by providing an extra effort of polishing the local and even sometimes if needed national policies also has provided big help in helping the public school financial assistance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The finding directly comes from examining the direct impact of energy increase on the US public school system and the results where:   On the average, school districts spent $137 per pupil on energy expenditures in fiscal year 00. For fiscal year 01, they budgeted an 11 percent increase, raising their budgets to $152 per pupil. However, actual fiscal years 01 per pupil energy expenditures, at $166 per pupil, were 22 percent higher than in fiscal year 00. The average district experienced a 9 percent shortfall between what it had budgeted for fiscal year 01 and its actual expenditures. The average school district budgeted $176 per pupil for fiscal year 02 energy needs, or a 6 percent increase over what it actually spent in fiscal year 01. This $24 per pupil increase over fiscal year 01 budgeted costs translated into an increase of about $1 billion in expected costs. But, as it was stated earlier there were a lot of efforts made by both the local and national government in addressing the issue, which has provided a good lift for the US public school financing agencies.   And all of this effort is by improving by the facilities, which has given the needed help and assistance.   Like, 39 percent locked in rates with one or more energy vendors, 29 percent participated in consortia that negotiated prices with third-party energy vendors, 12 percent instituted or increased fees to use facilities, and 7 percent closed schools or sent students home early for at least 1 day. In the following fiscal year, it was continued 47 percent of the nation’s districts renovated or retrofitted existing facilities, 44 percent locked in rates, 33 percent participated in consortia, 15 percent instituted or increased fees to use facilities, and 6 percent closed schools or sent students home early for at least 1 day. With this result the government has effectively and efficiently counter act the problem.   (Effects of Energy Needs and Expenditures on U.S. Public Schools, n.d.). Estimation Standards Helps Improve Public School Expenditure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US government has also conducted great effort by allowing every state to formulate their own spending estimation, which gives better result since the local government has more accurate data and analysis over their need.   It was the standards are estimated using frontier regression techniques which adjust for the differential levels of efficiency of resource usage across different school districts.   This standard has help a lot for better and almost accurate estimation for the public school spending in each district or state.   (Dopuch, Nicholas & Gupta, Mahendra, n.d.). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this report it shows how United States has provided its best effort in addressing the issue of public school financing.   This shows that with the help of its earnings that comes from the state as well as other revenues that it generates; it helps public schools in its financial needs.   It also shows that the government has provided its best effort in providing every adjustment to help the agencies in addressing the issue, like in this case the government has effectively improve the energy renovation of most public schools.   But most importantly the importance of Federal Aid, which provides a wide variety of assistance to students who are in need of financial aid, such as grants, work study and loans, which have shown big support for public schools in particular. References    â€Å"Changes in Sources of Public School Revenue.† Education Finance Statistics Center – Institute of Education, US Department of Education. N.d Dopuch, Nicholas & Gupta, Mahendra. (n.d.). â€Å"An Estimation of Standards for Public School Expenditures.† Social Science Research Center.   â€Å"Effects of Energy Needs and Expenditures on U.S. Public Schools.† Education Finance â€Å"Graphs in Education Finance.† Education Finance Statistics Center – National Centre for Educational Statistics – Institute of Education, US Department of Education. â€Å"Public School Finance Act of 1994.† Colorado Department of Education. â€Å"Public School Finance Program of the United States and Canada: 1998-1999.† Education Finance Statistics Center – Institute of Education, US Department of Education. N.d, [Online] Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/edfin/state_finance/StateFinancing.asp â€Å"Revenue Source.† Oregon School Board Association.     Richard, Aronson & Schwartz, Eli. (2004), â€Å"Management Policies in Local Government Finance.† USA: ICMA Publishing â€Å"The Guide to Federal Student Aid 2007-08.† US Department of Education – Federal Student Aid. N.d, [Online] Available at: Thompson, David. (2007). â€Å"United States: Public School Finance.† Accounting and Consultancy. 7 February 2007

Protists essays

Protists essays Protists are plant-like, animallike, or fungi-like organisms with one or more cells (single or multicelluar organisms). Asexual reproduction is common. It occurs by mitosis or binary fission in most species. Sexual reproduction is less common and has not been seen in many protists. Protists get food and energy one of two ways. They get their food (energy) either by using photosynthesis (called Autotrophic) or eating other protists or bacteria (called Heterotrophic). Protists are always found in damp or wet areas. They are found almost everywhere that has water. Some protists are attached to rocks and others drift on the surface of the water. The ones that float freely are called plankton. Some live in body fluids, tissues or cells of hosts. Phytoplankton are the bottom of the food chain in most fresh and sea water. Throughout the world they are responsible for 50% of organic matter. There are 3 types of protists: algae, protozoa, and slime molds. Most algae make their food using photosynthesis, which uses chlorophyll and sunlight like plants. Slime molds are something like fungi and something like animals. There are three types of slime molds, but only one is a protist. The kind that is a protest is called cellular slime mold. The word protozoa come from the Greek for little animal. They sometimes live and form colonies. Protozoa get their food by hunting other microbes. They mainly eat bacteria, but some also eat other protozoa and bits of tissue from other living things, which is called organic matter and sometimes fungi. Asexual reproduction for protozoa includes binary fission and mitosis. Some reproduce sexually during a time of their life cycle. Most protists can move. They are called Motile if the can move. There are 3 different ways protists can move: with cilia, which are hair like structures; with flagellates, which are whip like structures; and using amoeboid motion, which ...

Resources for Teaching Tolerance and Anti-Racism

Resources for Teaching Tolerance and Anti-Racism    People are not born racist. As former U.S. President Barack Obama, quoting Nelson Mandela, former president of South Africa, tweeted shortly after the tragic events in Charlottesville August 12, 2017 in which the university town was overtaken by white supremacists and hate groups, resulting in the killing  of a counter protester, Heather Heyer,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin or his background or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.† Very young children do not naturally choose friends based on the color of their skin. In a  video created by the BBC children’s network CBeebies, Everyones Welcome,  pairs of children explain the differences between themselves without referring to the color of their skin or ethnicity, even though those differences exist. As Nick Arnold writes in What Adults Can Learn About Discrimination From Kids, according to Sally Palmer, Ph.D., lecturer in the Department of Human Psychology and Human Development at University College London, it is not that they dont notice the color of their skin, it is that the color of their skin is not what is important to them. Racism is Learned Racism is learned behavior. A 2012 study by Harvard University researchers showed that children as young as three years of age  can adopt racist behavior when exposed to it, even though they may not understand â€Å"why.†Ã‚  According to renowned social psychologist Mazarin Banaji, Ph.D., children are quick to pick up on racist and prejudicial cues from adults and their environment. When  white children were shown faces of different skin colors with ambiguous facial expressions, they showed a pro-white bias. This was determined by the fact that they ascribed a happy face to a perceived white skin color and an angry face to a face that they perceived to be black or brown. In the study, black children who were tested showed no color-bias. Banaji maintains that racial bias can be unlearned, though, when children are in situations where they are exposed to diversity and they witness and are part of positive interactions between different groups of people acting as equals.   Racism is learned by the example of one’s parents, caregivers, and other influential adults, through personal experience, and through the systems of our society that promulgate it, both explicitly  and implicitly. These implicit biases permeate not only our individual decisions but also our societal structure. The New York Times has created a series of informative videos explaining implicit biases.   There are Different Types of Racism According to social science, there are seven main forms of racism: representational, ideological, discursive, interactional, institutional, structural, and systemic. Racism can be defined in other ways as well - reverse racism, subtle racism, internalized racism, colorism. In 1968, the day after Martin Luther King was shot, the anti-racism expert and former third-grade teacher,  Jane Elliott, devised a now-famous but then-controversial experiment for her all-white third-grade class in Iowa to teach the children about racism, in which she separated them by eye color into blue and brown, and showed extreme favoritism toward the group with blue eyes. She has conducted this experiment repeatedly for different groups since then, including the audience for an Oprah Winfrey show in 1992, known as  The Anti-Racism Experiment That Transformed an Oprah Show. People in the audience were separated by eye color; those with blue eyes were discriminated against while those with brown eyes were treated favorably.  The reactions of the audience were illuminating,  showing  how quickly some people came to identify with their eye color group  and behave prejudicially,  and what it felt like to be the ones who were being treated unfairly.   Microaggressions are another expression of racism. As explained in Racial Microagressions in Everyday Life, Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color. An example of microaggression falls under assumption of criminal status and includes someone crossing to the other side of the street to avoid a person of color. This list of microagressions serves as a tool to  recognize them and the messages they send.   Unlearning Racism Racism in the extreme is manifested by groups such as the KKK and other white supremacist groups. Christoper Picciolini is the founder of the group Life After Hate.  Picciolini is a former member of a hate group, as are all the members of Life After Hate. On Face the Nation  in  Aug. 2017, Picciolini said that the people who are radicalized and join hate groups are not motivated by ideology but rather a search for identity, community, and purpose. He stated that if theres a brokenness underneath that person they tend to search for those in really negative pathways. As this group proves, even extreme racism can be unlearned, and the mission of this organization is to help counter violent extremism and to help those participating in hate groups  find pathways out of them. Congressman  John Lewis,  a prominent Civil Rights leader, said, The scars and stains of racism are still deeply embedded in the American society. But as experience shows us, and leaders  remind us, what people learn, they can also unlearn, including racism. While racial progress is real, so is racism. The need for anti-racist education is also real.   Following are some anti-racism resources that may be of interest to educators, parents, caregivers, church groups, and  individuals for use in schools, churches, businesses, organizations, and for  self-assessment and awareness. Anti-Racism Curricula, Organizations,  and Projects The Race Card Project  :  The Race Card Project was created in 2010 by NPR Journalist Michele Norris to foster a conversation about race. In order to promote an exchange of ideas and perceptions from people of different backgrounds, races, and ethnicities  Norris asks people to distill their thoughts, experiences, and observations  about race into one sentence that only has six words and submit them to the Race Card wall. In 2014, The Race Card Project was awarded a prestigious George Foster  Peabody Award for excellence in electronic communications for turning a pejorative phrase into a productive and far-reaching dialogue on a difficult topic.RACE: Are We so Different?:  This website is a project of the American Anthropological Association and is funded by the Ford Foundation and the National Science Foundation. It looks at race through three different lenses: history, human variation, and lived experience. It offers activities for students and resources for families, t eachers, and researchers. It is based on a traveling exhibit by the same name. Educating for Equity:   Educating for Equity is  the website and consulting business of Ali Michael, Ph.D., who is the co-founder and director of The Race Institute for K-12 Educators  and the author of several books having to do with race, including  Raising Race Questions: Whiteness, Inquiry, and Education (Teachers College Press, 2015), which won the 2017 Society of Professors of Education Outstanding Book Award. The Race Institute for K-12 Educators is a workshop for educators to help them develop a positive racial identity so that they can support the positive racial identity development of their students.  A comprehensive list of  Anti-Racism Resources for Teachers  is included on this website.   The Storytelling Project Curriculum:  Learning About Race and Racism Through Storytelling and the Arts  (this  Columbia University form  enables free use of the curriculum and requests feedback to the creators):  The Storytelling Project Curriculum, created th rough Barnard College, analyzes race and racism in the United States through storytelling and the arts. Using four different story types - stock stories (those told by the dominant group); concealed stories (told by people in the margins); resistance stories (told by people who have resisted racism); counter stories (deliberately constructed to challenge the stock stories) - to make the information more accessible to students, to connect the political and the personal, and to inspire change. For middle and high school students. Anti-Racism Activity: ‘The  Sneetches’  :  Through Teaching Tolerance, this curriculum for grades K-5 uses Dr. Seusss book,  The Sneetches as a springboard for discussion about discrimination and how students can  take responsibility for their environment.  What are Microaggressions and Why Should We Care?:  A course developed by the Unitarian Universalist Association on learning to recognize and deal with microaggressions in daily life.    Resources and Further Reading How Teachers Learn to Discuss Racism, The Atlantic,  https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/01/how-teachers-learn-to-discuss-racism/512474/  Can Science Help People Unlearn Their Unconscious Biases?, Smithsonian Magazine,  smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/can-science-help-people-unlearn-their-unconscious-biases-180955789/Can You Unlearn Racism By Re-training Your Brain?, Bustle,  https://www.bustle.com/articles/184790-can-you-unlearn-racism-by-re-training-your-brainHow Do We Unlearn Racism? Complex Life,  complex.com/life/2016/11/how-do-we-unlearn-racism5 key anti-racism resources for teachers, courtesy of #CharlottesvilleCurriculum , Chalkbeat,  https://www.chalkbeat.org/posts/us/2017/08/14/5-key-anti-racism-resources-for-teachers-courtesy-of-charlottesvillecurriculum/Racism in America: It’s so pervasive that white people pay less for car insurance, Salon,  salon.com/2017/04/07/racism-in-america-its-so-pervasive-that-white-people-pay-less-for-car-in surance_partner/ Racial Progress Is Real. But So Is Racist Progress., New York Times,  https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/opinion/sunday/racial-progress-is-real-but-so-is-racist-progress.html?mcubz0White Anti-Racism: Living the Legacy,  Teaching Tolerance,  https://www.tolerance.org/professional-development/white-antiracism-living-the-legacy

Medical Terminology Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Terminology Research Assignment - Essay Example Examples of a medication error is in the use of a long-acting prescription cough medicine. "Reports indicate that health care professionals have prescribed Tussionex for patients younger than the approved aged group of 6 years old and older, more frequently than the labeled dosing interval of every 12 hours ("extended release"), and that patients have administered the incorrect dose due to misinterpretation of the dosing directions and the use of inappropriate measuring devices. Overdose of Tussionex in older children, adolescents, and adults has also been associated with life-threatening and fatal breathing problems" (FDA News, 2008). Another example is the overdose of acetaminophen in drugs marketed as Tylenol and Datril. These drugs should not be taken more than the dose prescribed or seen on the label, and not more than the number of days as prescribed for. Due to these incidences, government and non-government organizations in the United States and in the United Kingdom directly "warned doctors that the use of abbreviations in medical notes is putting patients' lives at risk." (Pocack, N, 2008). In an effort to reduce the number of medication errors drastically, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has issued a list of abbreviations, acronyms and symbols that should no longer be used. They did this because of the reported 44,000 and 96,000 deaths each year which were attributed to medication errors which have been shown to be due to flaws in parts of the system involving prescribing, repackaging, dispensing, administering, monitoring or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned. "Medication errors may result from single or multiple breakdowns in a system's continuum of diagnosing an ailment, planning a therapeutic regimen, prescribing and dispensing drugs, and administering the drug" (Philips J, 2001). The article reviewed medical errors for a 5-year span (1993-1998). They noted that the most common cause of these errors was the indiscernible handwriting in prescriptions making the abbreviations look like something else. Example of an error resulting from poor handwriting; the "ug" as in microgram may seem like "ml" as in microliter; example of an error due to wrong abbreviation is "BT" for bedtime may be comprehended as "BID" as in three times a day. These errors are found most frequestly in clinical notes, prescriptions and treatment charts which are all over the workplace. The use of these abbreviations should be kept to an absolute minimum if not any at all. They cause confusion and present a risk to patients. Similarly, on the same goal to minimize medication errors, the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in 2003 created a list of "Do Not Use" abbreviations (IMSP List, 2003) which establishes a standard for abbreviations and terms used. And in 2005, the JCAHO suggested the Patient Safety Event Taxonomy which could facilitate a common approach for patient safety information systems (Chang A, 2005). This taxonomic standardization scheme hopes to make it known to everyone that there is an existing standard set of words and/or phrases which are to be used, and no other in medication writing or prescription writing. In Canada, they too have shown that

How long can an offender stay in jail Term Paper

How long can an offender stay in jail - Term Paper Example On the other hand, an offender’s stay in jail and in prison is also identified through different codes and points of the law. Thereupon, it is vital to state that there might be different misconceptions as a result of a wrong treatment of the laws. The reasons why such things happen are different: biases, false testimonies, etc. The outcomes may include but not limited to life and death sentences or, at the best case, to the conclusion that an offender is freed, pardoned, or paroled. In this case Neubauer & Meinhold (2009) state the following idea: â€Å"One form of early release is parole, the conditional release of an inmate from prison† (p. 281). This is why the long stay of a detainee is not more than a year, as was mentioned before. It is required that until this moment the verdict is announced by the jury and the final claim is noted by the judge. Once again, it is wrong to state that a judge files a motion. A lawyer is the one who is interested in such a procedur e in order to protect his/her client from misjudgments. In fact, a prosecutor is also eligible to file a motion in order to delve better into the case or to prolong the investigation due to some weighty reasons. However, a prosecutor’s role is a bit different in filling a motion, as â€Å"a prosecutor may decide to dismiss the complaint by filing a motion of nolle prosequi† (Lippman, 2010, p. 5). ... All of the stages of the litigation are important to sum up all pros and cons to decide whether or not an offender should be moved to prison or set free as a result. One of the most outrageous examples is that of Scottsboro Nine in the 1930s. In this vein, the only situation when the judge is eligible to prolong the time period in jail is when an offender commits another crime just being in jail itself. These are rare cases which need additional careful examination and investigation. This is why all records should be accurately filed regarding a definite offender so as to omit misconception or mismatch of any kind: â€Å"It is through the maintenance of accurate records documenting all aspects of an inmate’s stay that institutions are able to reduce the likelihood of litigation and increase their chance for prevailing in court if litigation is filed† (Carlson & Garrett, 2008, p. 146). Thus, the documentation and keeping records safely and accurately arranged is paramoun t for making sure an offender will not stay in jail longer than possible according to the county, state or federal jurisprudence. Besides, an offender may stay longer due to the gender discretion or in case when an offender was previously placed on probation. The first case simply states that female inmates are more likely to have longer sentences just because they are â€Å"less likely to work out a plea arrangement† (Siegel, 2008, p. 551). It makes the judicial system more attentive to the state of mental and physical state of women during pretrial through sentencing stages so as to make sure a female inmate can be placed in prison. The second case is based on the precedent of an offender’s inclination to commit crime in the future. Thus, the term of the arrest